ENGLISH Verified listing

The English are descended from the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons, as well as Frisians, Danes, and Normans. (The Celtic substratum is unevenly distributed.) England was born from the Saxon kingdoms (Essex, Wessex, Sussex, Kent), the Anglian ones (East Anglia, Mercia, Deira and Bernicia united as Northumbria), and the Jutish territories, unified in the 9th century.

The Saint George’s cross flag is attested as early as 1277. The assignment of colors on January 13, 1188, gave the English a white cross on a red background, and the French a red cross on a white background. The inversion of these emblematic colors occurred later.

The rose, floral symbol of England (red for York, white for Lancaster, hence the Tudor rose), is here stylized, accompanied by the letters of the ethnonym E-NG-L written in Anglo-Saxon runes, a masterpiece of phonological analysis by the Anglo-Saxon clerics.